ALTEA multiple approach program for studying the ionizing radiation effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS) Livio Narici Department of Physics, University of Rome and INFN ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italyy University of Rome "Tor Vergata" emblem INFN logo University of Genoa emblem asi logo agenzio spaziole italiano Image of ISS with Altea project label narici@roma2.infn.it Alenia Spzio Laben emblem Slide 2 …. understanding .. …. the radiation functional risks for the Central Nervous System during space vojages, with a specific regard to i) long permanence in space ii) missions outside the protective Earth magneto-shielding Cornelius A. Tobias Radiation Hazards in High Altitude Aviation Journal of Aviation Medicine 23, 345-372, 1952 “It is conceivable that very densely ionizing tracks would produce small flash-like light sensations” Slide 3 Background • Reports from space - Anusual flashes of light have been first reported from the Apollo 11 crew (July 1969) - following Apollo flights (12-17, to the Moon) - Skylab missions - Apollo - Soyuz - MIR - ISS - Shuttle flights • Ground experiments in the 70's • Astronaut Survey (Fuglesang et al.) Slide 4 Background - 2 Clear findings: • latitude effect • heavy ions, high LET as primary source … many open issues Hardware issues - solid angle coverage - single ion - Electrophysiology linking - visual system monitoring Slide 5 ALTEA - space: the hardware image of simulation of user of Altea by Astronaut • large-solid angle, silicon detector system (SDS), to be positioned around the Astronaut’s head • EEG system • visual stimulator unit (VSU) • Push Button (PB) NOTE: all hardware can be used in any combination Slide 6 ALTEA - space: the protocols • measure: i) the particles passing through the Astronauts’brain/eyes ii) their electrophysiological brain dynamics iii) the visual system status {protocol CNSM: Central Nervous Monitoring, 7 - 8 sessions} • measure the radiation environment in the ISS {protocol DOSI: Dosimetry, 12 months of measurements} Slide 7 ALTEA - space: the SDU Image of the altea silicon detector system • The large-solid angle, silicon detector system is composed by six Silicon Detector Units (SDU) mounted on an helmet shaped holder (geometrical factor: 1071 cm2/sr) Slide 8 ALTEA - space: the SDU - 2 Images and diagram of the Silicon Detector Unit (SDU) • The Silicon Detector Unit (SDU) (geometrical factor: 250 cm2/sr) Slide 9 ALTEA - space: the SDU - 3 • The Silicon Detector Unit (SDU) - characteristics: digram of the Silicon Detector Unit (SDU) - characteristics Detectors: 6 double strip silicon layers arranged alternately- along X and Y directions Plane area: 2 x (8x8) cm2 Thickness: 380 mu Distance X-Y planes: 3.75 cm Maximum error of angular reconstruction: 1.8 degrees Geometric Factor (bidirectional): 250 cm2 sr Performances: Threshold: 3-33 MIP Saturation: 2400 MIP (1 MIP = 109 KeV/plane) ADC: 12 bit DAU Software parameters: Resolution: 0.64 MIP/ADC ch Maximum Acquisition Rate: 700 Hz Autotrigger (logic OR or logic AND of x planes, software switchable) SDU reads from 4He > 25 MeV/n To 96Mo > 1GeV/n Two operational mode: - Normal - Full Slide 10 ALTEA - space: SDUs tests (at GSI) graph of test at GSI Axis of MIP (simulations) to ADC channels for channels DB1 to DB6 • linearity Slide 11 ALTEA - space: SDUs tests at GSI - 2 GSI - 2 tests graphs of nuclear recognition Axis with the number of events to ADC channels • nuclear recognition Ti 600 Mev/n 6 mm Al Slide 12 ALTEA - space: SDUs tests at GSI - 3 • the Bragg curve GSI - 3 Bragg curve with Energy Loss to target thickness (mm) Layer material and Thickness (mm) ICRU-169, Glass with 0.8 thickness Copper with 0.8 thickness Silicon with 1.0 thickness C 100 MeV/n Slide 13 ALTEA - space: final acceptance and schedule image of The PTCS at KSC • the PTCS at KSC (from march 2005 in the MPLM) • manifested on the next Shuttle flight (STS121 - ULF1.1) {summer 06} Slide 14 ALTEA - space: accepted protocols • DOSI - SDS tilted to minimize protrusion - Running throughout the increment(s) - Real Time data Downlink - Real Time partial analysis on ground image of DOSI Slide 15 ALTEA - space: accepted protocols - 2 •CNSM - The astronaut wears the EEG cap .. - .. slides into the SDS .. - .. close the VSU and start dark adaptation - The assistant starts the automatic procedure: SDS always ‘on’ EEG always ‘on’ VSU (at the beginning) delivers the stimulation paradigm The astronaut signal with the LF perception with the PB image of CNSM with astronaut Slide 16 ALTEA - space: data transfer • DOSI: Real Time data downlink maximum rate ˜0.64 Mbps (corresponding to ˜600 Hz in normal mode) average foreseen rate ˜60 kbps • CNSM: Storaged on Lap Top HD, downlinked Off Line ˜ 1.5 - 2 GB/session Slide 17 ALTEA - space: data transfer - 2 The data downlink route from TDRSS through White Sands to DonSat to JSC and MSFC to Rome Integration Control Center Telespazio Slide 18 ALTEA - space: data transfer - 3 image of user control center. • The User Home Base Data is going to be easily available for the scientific community Slide 19 ALTEA - space: Real Time Analysis • Real time trace display • Software for real time trace recognition is under development image ofsoftware display for Real time trace analysis Slide 20 ALTEA - space: interactive data display • Software for the visualization of Particle and EEG image of Window with AlteaObjview and diagram of human head image of Window with AlteaObjview and diagram of human head Slide 21 The scientific strategy: follow up arrows pointing to text - extend measurement validity on other vessels & outside magnetosphere - propose shielding material(s) to minimize risks - test on ground and in space such shielding material(s) ALTEA - shield (ESA) 2 increments after ALTEA - space Slide 22 ALTEA - shield • working hypothesis: • to be started in incr. 15? (spring 2007) image of ISS with shield configuration “shield” configuration image of 3D survey detectors 3D survey detectors Slide 23 The scientific strategy: follow up 2 • ALTEA - 2 is in the process of being designed Slide 24 Altamura F Avdeev S. Ball S. Ballarini F. Battistoni G. Belli F.Bencardino R. Bengin V. Benton E. Bidoli V. Bisti S. Boezio M. Bonvicini W. Carlson P. Carozzo S. Casolino M. Castellini G. Cotronei V. Cucinotta F. De Martino A. DePascale M.P. Di Fino L. Ferrari A. Fuglesang C. Furano G. Galper A. Gianelli G. Khodarovich A. Korotkov M.G. Iwase H. Licoccia S. Maccarone R. Mazzenga G. Miller J. Morino V. Morselli A. Narici L. Negri B. Ottolenghi A. Paci M. Peachey N.S. Petrov V.P. Picozza P. Popov A. Reali E. Ricci M. Rinaldi A. Romagnoli P. Ruggieri D. Salnitski V.P. Sannita W.G. Sato T. Schardt D. Shavers M. Shevchenko O.I. Shurshakov V. ASihver L. Sparvoli R. Spillantini P. Trukhanov K.A. Vacchi A. Vavilov N. Vazquez M. Villari S. Vittori R. Zaconte V. Zampa N. Dept. di Physics, Univ. of Rome "Tor Vergata" and INFN Sect. Roma2 , Roma Italian Space Agency (ASI) - Rome Dept of Physics, Univ. of Pavia, Pavia Dept of Physics, Univ. of Milan, Milan DISM-Univ. of Genoa, Genoa L.N.F. - INFN, Frascati (Rome) ALENIA spazio - Laben CERN - INFN Dept. ofPhysics, Univ. e Sect. INFN of Trieste, Perugia, Firenze Dept. of Sc. and Chemical Tec., Univ. of Rome "Tor Vergata” Dept. of STB - Univ. ofL’Aquila, L’Aquila GSI - Biophysik, Darmstadt, Germany Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Institute for BioMedical Problems, Moscow, Russia. Russian Space Corporation "Energia" by name Korolev, Korolev, Moscow region, Russia Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia Johnson Space Center, NASA, Houston TX, USA Brookhaven Nationa lLaboratory, NY, USA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA Cole Eye institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Wyle Laboratories, TX, USA Eril Research, CA, USA + others joining in JAERI, Japan The ALTEA team Slide 25 Thank you for your attention Slide 26 ALTEA - space: EEG VSU and PB design of EEG VSU and PB EEG32 channels 128 - 16384 Hz per channel PushB.Three independent push buttons VSU Two color LCD-TFT oculars XGA, 1024 x 768 pixels at 60 Hz Field of view: 35° diagonal (21° V 28°H) Luminance 5-50 Contrast 40:1256 colors out of a 16 million palette Video memory: 2MB Slide 27 ALTEA - space: the EEG • EEG cap and electrodes Astronaut image of Astronaut Jeff Williams with EEG cap on image of the location of the electrodes on EEG cap Slide 28 ALTEA - space: the Visual Stimulator • visual stimuli image of ripple design image of empty square Astronaut Jeff Williams during BDC Slide 29 ALTEA - space: the Push Button image of 3 button input tool • three independent buttons Slide 30 ALTEA - space: BDC •protocol - the same protocol that will be performed in space: - Contrast gratings 12 combination of spatial freqency and contrast - Flashes press the pushbutton at the rare event (Low Right Flash) • BDC already performed: - Bill McArthur (complete) - Jeff Williams (complete) - Sunita Williams (partial) - Clay Anderson (partial) Image Astronaut Sunita William during BDC Slide 31 ALTEA - space: BDC - 2 • results: Reaction Time Results in the MIR station reaction time results graph 0.42 ± 0.10 0.42 ± 0.08 0.43 ± 0.10 0.37 ± 0.05 0.39 ± 0.07 Reaction time (s) 5 astronauts