DLR and ESA Human Space Dosimetry -
Current experiments and the future

T. Berger

DLR – German Aerospace 

Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne

Slide 2
- MATROSHKA

- EuCPD

- Future….

Slide 3

MATROSHKA

- MATROSHKA (MTR) Facility is designed to determine the radiation exposure of an astronaut / cosmonaut during an extravehicular activity (EVA) (MTR-1) 
and during his stay inside the International Space Station (MTR-2 A/B)

- Radiation exposure is measured in a Phantom simulating an Human Upper Torso shielded with a Carbon Fibre structure simulating the EVA suit

- Active and Passive Radiation Detectors are distributed over the whole body to determine skin and organ doses


image of MATROSHKA inside ISS January 2004

Slide 4
MATROSHKA

- MATROSHKA-1 was the first long duration phantom experiment positioned outside a Space Station (Duration of ~ 600 days)

- MATROSHKA-2 A/B will measure the dose distribution of an astro– and cosmonaut inside the ISS

- The combination of MTR-1 and MTR-2 will for the first time allow the comparison of skin- and depth dose measurements performed with the same facility in and outside the ISS

- Results will give the dose distribution inside a Human Phantom for a better correlation between skin and organ dose and for better risk assessment in future long duration space flight


image of MATROSHKA-1 EVA February 2004

Slide 5
ESA Project 
Science and Project Lead: G. Reitz, DLR


International Contribution: 19 Institutes for MATROSHKA

background is map of world

Slide 6
The MATROSHKA Facility

image of Phantom Torso 
image of + Poncho (poncho over torso)
image of + Container (container over poncho) 
image of + MLI (MTR-1) (over container)

Slide 7
The MATROSHKA Facility – Active radiation detectors

image of phantom Torso with poncho With labels: DOSTEL (Dosimetric Telescope); TEPC (Tissue equivalent proportional counter); SSD (Silicon Scintillator Device)..Eye..Lung..Stomach..Kidney..Intestine

Slide 8
The MATROSHKA Facility – Passive radiation detectors

images of Thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs) and Nuclear Track Etch detectors
Total Number: ~ 6000

slide 9
MATROSHKA-1 Timetable

Launch of MATROSHKA			29. January 2004 with PROGRESS
Docking with ISS			31. January 2004
EVA 					26. February 200 4performed by expedition 8 crew Alexander Kaleri Michael Foale 
Activation of the active instruments	16. April 2004
Outside Exposure			26. February 2004 – 18. August 2005
EVA					18. August 2005 performed by expedition 11 crew Sergei Krikalev and John Phillips
Dismounting of the passive detectors	14. September 2005 performed by expedition 11 crew Sergei Krikalev and John Phillips
Detector download			11. October 2005 with Soyuz

Slide 10
MATROSHKA-1 

image of MATROSHKA mounted outside the ISS February 2004 – August 2005

Slide 11
MATROSHKA-1 Science (active DOSTEL)

- Radiation exposure during an EVA:	1.3 mSv/day
- Radiation exposure inside the ISS:	0.4 mSv/day


graph of MATROSHKA DOSTEL - Countrate of DOSTEL over a period of 16 

Slide 12
MATROSHKA-1 Science (passive TLDs)

diagram of MATROSHKA in slices

graph of Dosemeter positions with labels for: Slice # 1, Slice # 5, Slice # 9, Slice # 17, Slice # 21, Slice # 23, Slice # 25, Slice # 29, Slice # 31 

Slide 13
MATROSHKA-2 Timetable

New Detector upload – Start 			21. December 2005 with PROGRESS 20P
of MATROSHKA-2 Phase A (pasive)

Integration of the passive detector set into 	05. January 2006 performed by expedition 
the MATROSHKA Facility				12 crew William McArthur and Valery Tokarev

Exposure time for MATROSHKA-2 Phase A		~ September 2006

Start of MATROSHKA-2 Phase B 			Autumn 2006 (6 months)
(passive and active)

Start of MATROSHKA-2 Phase C 			Spring 2007
(2nd outside exposure)

Slide 14
MATROSHKA-2 Detector mounting

images of MATROSHKA-2 Phase A passive detector mounting January 2006 

Slide 15
MATROSHKA-2 Exposure Inside ISS

image MATROSHKA-2 Phase A ISS exposure in the docking compartment (DC-1) 

Slide 16
MATROSHKA

- Passive dosimetry
	Combination of TLD/ OSL with CR-39 detectors for the determination of 
		. absorbed dose
		. LET spectra/ Qualityfactor
		. dose equivalent
		. neutron dose

- Active dosimetry
	. Tissue equivalent proportional counter
	. Silicon telescope
	. Plastic scintillator
		. LET spectra/ Qualitfactor…Neutron component

Slide 17
EuCPD
European Crew Personal Dosemeter

images of EuCPDs

Starting with STS-121 … STS-116…

Slide 18
EuCPD
EuCPD European Crew Personal Dosemeter 

Light weight(~ 30g) passive dosemeter system

diagram of EuCPD with labels: label, Nomex, CR39, Polyethylene Grid, TLD, PADC Housing, Nomex, CR39, Polycarbonat

. Thermoluminescence Detectors(TLD´s) 
. CR-39 Nuclear Track Etch Detectors
. PADC Neutron Detector

Personal Dosemeter for European Astronauts(inside (IVA) and outside (EVA) the ISS)

Slide 19
EuCPD
European Crew Personal Dosemeter

. 48 x TLD´s 
. 2 x CR-39 
. 1 x PADC

diagram of EuCPD with labels: label, Nomex, CR39, Polyethylene Grid, TLD, PADC Housing, Nomex, CR39, Polycarbonat

Slide 20
EuCPD
European Crew Personal Dosemeter

. Personal Crew Dosemeter
	. Passive Systems (easy to handle)
	. Development of a small active device
		(based on Silicon detectors)

Slide 21
ALTCRISS

image of ALTCRISS

Slide 22
DOSIS
DOSIS Dose Distribution Inside ISS

- Dosimetric Mapping Experiment
- Dosimetry inside the ISS using active and passive devices

diagram of active and passive devices capabilities on ISS with labels: Power Distribution Unit, To HRF Laptop (R232-PCMCIA), To HRF 120 VDC to 28VDC Power Converter, Control Interface Unit, 
Mobile Dosimeter Units, Dostel-2, Dostel-1, TLD Reader, TLD Bulbs, NTDP-1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Slide 23
Columbus 
design of Columbus module

Slide 24
Columbus 

design of Columbus module

- Permanent Dosimetric Mapping Inside the Columbus module
- Outside : Dosimetry on EuTEF and on Expose

Slide 25
Columbus / EuTEF

diagram of EuTEF with labels: Zenith, Ram, Starboard, Y cepa, Z cepa, X cepa. EuTEF – Active dosimetry
image of EuTEF. Expose – Passive dosimetry

Slide 26
Columbus / EuTEF 

- EuTEF-> DOSTEL (active)

diagram of DOSTEL

Slide 27
Expose / Expose-R 

image of passive dosimetry

-Passive Dosimetry

Slide 28
FOTON – BiopanMissions

Foton spacecraft

- Dosimetry for very low shielding thicknesses

Slide 29
ExoMars 

diagram with labels: Lid, Cover Foil (light tight), Silicon Detector (segmented), BC 430 Detector (segmented), Silicon Detector (segmented), Circuit Board, Power-/Data-Connector, Container, Lid

Dimensions: Ø58 mm, Height 55 mm
Mass: ~ 500g
Power consumption: 600mW

Slide 30
MSL 

Mars rover on Mars

diagram of telescope with labels: SSD A, RSH SSD Telescope, SSD B&C, Csl, Neurton Channel, Anti-Coincidence, RAE, RDE, RSE, RAD-PMP Interface Cylinder

Slide 31
Timeline:

2006		2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012
|MATROSHKA					|
|Altcriss			|
|EuCPD				|
		|Foton/Biopan	|

				|EuTEF		Dostel/ Expose	|
				|Expose-R			|
				|Columbus	Dosimetric	Mapping						|
						|MSL								|
										|ExoMars			|